The House of Ptolemy:
Caesar, Cleopatra, and Marcus Antonius and
the Transition to a Greco-Roman
(Roman Imperial) Egypt

Caesar, Cleopatra, and Marcus Antonius:
The Transition to a Greco-Roman (Roman Imperial) Egypt

• --- From the Ides to Actium
  By David Silverman (of Reed College). Discussion of the events from the death of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, 44 BCE, to the victory of Augustus at the battle of Actium. Includes information on Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
• --- Chronology of the events of 50-26 BCE
  Chronology of the events of 50-26 BCE, which covers the history of Caesar, Cleopatra, and Mark Antony. This is part of the larger Chronology of Roman History site.
• --- Timeline of Roman/Egyptian History from 48 BC to 30 BC
  See table at the bottom of the page. For use of students enrolled in Michael Berger's "CLEOPATRA" -- a one-day course at the Oriental Institute (29 Feb 1999). Based on the 1934 film Cleopatra, directed by Cecil B.De Mille.

Caesar

• --- The Alexandrian Wars (By Julius Caesar)
  Translated by W A McDevitte and W S Boh. [A 89k text-only version is available for download].
  From MIT's Internet Classics Archive see http://classics.mit.edu/index.html
• --- Biography of Caesar (13 July 100 - 15 Mar 44 BCE)
  
  Statesman, general and author, famous for the conquest of Gaul (modern France and Belgium) and his subsequent coup d' etat.
• --- Der Alexandrinische Krieg, Kleopatra und Caesars Kaempfe in Kleinasien, Afrika und Spanien.
  Der Alexandrinische Krieg und Caesars Begegnung mit Kleopatra; Sieg bei Zela ueber den Pharnakes; Der Kriegszug nach Africa, der Sieg bei Thapsos und der Tod Catos; Der Sieg ueber die Pompeiussoehne und Labienus bei Munda in Spanien.
  Main page at URL http://www.uni-paderborn.de/Admin/corona/chris/Caesar_0.html -- Biography by Christian Ilaender, Dez/Jan 1996/1997.
• --- http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Pharsalia/book10.html
  Pharsalia (aka "The Civil War") BOOK X: Caesar in Egypt
  (Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #16b)
• --- A New Portrait of Julius Caesar in Basalt
  by John Pollini (Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Southern California, USA) 26 Mar 1995

• --- Antony (83?-30 BCE) by Plutarch
  Written ca. 75 CE; Translated by John Dryden [text file 153kb]
• --- Marc Antony - Imperator 61 - 30 BCE
  See also Related Articles: Battle of Actium; and First and Second Triumvirates. From The Rulers of the Roman World: The Roman Emperors, Imperators, and Caesars
• --- Wer war die historische Person Mark Anton? (Deu - German)
  A three-paragraph German language biography of Marc Antony
• --- The Victory of Augustus
  Essay by Steve Muhlberger (Associate Professor of History at Nipissing University) outlining the defeat of Mark Antony & Cleopatra and Octavian's transformation into Imperator Augustus. There are two parts to the essay: the first part discusses how Augustus gained his victory over his various rivals. The second shows how he turned his victory into a lasting personal predominance over Rome and its empire.

• --- A Word Portrait of Cleopatra [Based on quotes from Plutarch's, Life of Mark Antony (2nd cent. CE)]
  This is a selection from Women's Life in Greece and Rome.

More About Cleopatra (Cleopatra VII Philopator Nea Thea)

[ Cleopatra at the British Museum ] [ Cleopatra's Palace ] [ Cleopatra's Legacy ] [ Cleopatra Books ]

• --- Cleopatra's Signature Discovered
  By Rossella Lorenzi (28-Sep-2000, Discovery.com News): "Cleopatra's signature can be found in just one word: 'genestho,' which means 'Make it so!' It is the formula for the royal authorization, and had to be added by the ruler's own hand," said Peter Van Minnen, a Dutch Academy research fellow in religious sstudies at the University of Groningen." ...
  Professor Willy Clarysse (thanks to the kind permission of Prof. Wildung) has a large image of the document with Cleoptara's sugnature at his web site.
  For the latest on this ongoing story see the updates at What's New
• --- Like an Egyptian
  A brief overview with various web links. Cleopatra, as woman and legend, has loomed large in Western history for two millennia. This week in the New Yorker magazine, Judith Thurman's The Queen, Himself unwraps the Cleopatra myth. Cleopatra also rules online, as this guide to Cleopatra sites demonstrates. by Ben Greenman.
• --- The Real Cleopatra - Program Overview
  From the Discovery Channel School. How did a Greek woman become one of the most famous Egyptians of all time? Part one of The Real Cleopatra explores the source of her beguiling power—her intelligence, symbolized by her restoration of the library at Alexandria. Part two examines Cleopatra as ruler, mother, and consort, revealing a woman very different from her reputation as cruel and promiscuous. Relive her final days—the end of Egypt’s dynasty—and discover her lasting influence on the Roman Empire. (Video also available for purchase. See a RealVideo Preview)
• --- Compton's Online Encyclopedia: CLEOPATRA
  Entry for Cleopatra with related hyperlinks.
  Base page is at http://www.optonline.com/comptons/ with a mirror at http://www.nassau.cv.net/comptons/ .
  Compton's Encyclopedia Online is part of the Compton's Home Library line of products published by The Learning Company, Inc. Compton's offers quality reference and lifestyle software products designed for use both at home and in schools. The online encyclopedia is the latest edition of Compton's Encyclopedia, which is also available in printed format and in the award-winning CD-ROM product Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia.
• --- Perseus Encyclopedia: Cleopatra
• --- "Cleopatra" Microsoft® Encarta. Copyright© 1995 Microsoft Corporation.
  Microsoft® Encarta encyclopeadia record on "Cleopatra VII", Copyright© 1995 Microsoft Corporation.
• --- Cleopatra Database
  50 Cleopatra Links. More places to find out about your favorite Ptolemaic queen.
• --- Cleopatra
  About a page on Cleopatra.
• --- Cleopatra VII
  Essay by Susan Daniels. Well intentioned but with several errors of fact and/or interpretation; OK for younger students. Links back to The House of Ptolemy web site are out of date. See also her Cleopatra FAQ page.
• --- A Biography of Cleopatra
  A one-page biography of Cleopatra VII -- by Susan Daniels
• --- http://pharos.bu.edu/Egypt/Alexandria/History/cleo.html
  A short Biography of Cleopatra VII
• --- Cleopatra: De las Mujeres Illustres en Romance (ES - Spanish)
  From Johan Boccaccio, De las Mujeres Illustres en Romance, Zaragoza, Paulo Hurus, Alemán de Constancia, 1494, fo. 88 r y ss.
• --- Cléopâtre: dernier pharaon d'Égypte
  Biographie par André Phaneuf © 20 mars 1997
• --- Wissenschaft / Kleopatra: Geschichtsforschung mit Liechtensteiner Hilfe Auf Kleopatras Spuren
  Kleopatras sagenumwobene Stadt ist gefunden Ð diese Nachricht verbreitete sich wie ein Lauffeuer um die ganze Welt. Ermöglicht wurde der sensationelle Fund mit Geldern der Hilti Foundation in Liechtenstein. Copyright by: ANZEIGER
• --- Schmuck / Perlen: Perlenschmuck begehrenswert wie eh und je Perlen, kostbare Tränen der Venus
  (8 Dec 1998) Perlen sind wie Samt: sie schmeicheln jeder Frau. Schon die Phönizier waren süchtig nach den sanft glänzenden Kugeln, und die Römer liebten sie über alle Massen. Heute, mehr als 2000 Jahre später, liegen Perlen im Trend wie eh und je.
• --- "Cleopatra's Needle" - Four Images
  Four views of the eastern, standing, obelisk of Tuthmosis III, known as "Cleopatra's Needle" (now in New York's Central Park - USA), that originally stood in front of the temple of Caesar in Alexandria.

  From: Checklist of Nineteenth-century "studio photographs" of Egypt in the Archive of the Griffith Institute. Part 1: Alexandria to Cairo, including Islamic monuments. (274 photographs). Compiled by Jaromir Malek and Elizabeth Miles. The Archive of the Griffith Institute contains one of the largest collections of 19th-century "studio photographs" of Egypt. It is hoped that these photographs will be published either on CD-ROM or made available online. For a brief survey of this material by Elizabeth Miles and Jaromir Malek see Varia Aegyptiaca 2 (1986), 121-6.

• --- The Times News Stories Archive (for Mid 1998)
  From University of Cambridge, Faculty of Classics, Classical and archaeological news stories Archive. This is a selection of classical news reports from articles published in The Times newspaper in mid-1998. Please note that all articles are copyright, and are reproduced by kind permission of News International Internet Publishing.
  The following stories are included:
  (29 Oct 1998, The Times) - Cleopatra's Father Rises From The Deep (with photos) and Carry On Cleo, Regardless
• --- Arsinoe II Reidentified as Cleopatra VII
  The regal looking Ptolemaic Queen that had been previously identified as Arsinoe II, a relative of Cleopatra VII, has been reidentifed as Cleopatra herself, the queen made famous for her political shrewdness and love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.

• --- Reconstructing Cleopatra's nose
  (28 Apr 2001: By Hugh Pearman, The Sunday Times for Athens News). Her beauty may have been exaggerated but the British Museum's new show suggests that Cleo will carry on confounding us for centuries. (Page: A02; Article code: C12907A023)
• --- Infamy! Infamy!
  (14 Apr 2001: The Guardian [of London]). Patronising, cynical... how did the British Museum get its Cleopatra exhibition so wrong, asks Jonathan Jones. Guardian coverage of the BM's Cleopatra exhibition.
• --- 10 New Views Give Clue to Cleopatra's Eenigmatic Allure
  (11 Apr 2001: Electronic Telegraph [of London]) By Robert Uhlig. Ten previously unrecognised images of Cleopatra, the enigmatic last queen of ancient Egypt, will be unveiled casting a new light on the mythic attraction of one of history's greatest femmes fatales.
• --- XXXX
  xxx

• --- CLEOPATRA DISCOVERIES: NPR All Things Considered (RealAudio File)
  (2 Nov 1998) Linda talks with Dr. Franck Goddio, an underwater explorer and president of the European Institute for Underwater Archaeology. They discuss Dr. Goddio's recent discovery at the bottom of the harbor off Alexandria, Egypt. It's a sphinx from the palace of Cleopatra, which bears the likeness of her father. (Time: 4:30). Copyright© National Public Radio, 1998, all rights reserved.
• --- Discovery Online: The Search for Cleopatra's Palace
  (Discovery Online Story by Randy Rieland). From a grave beneath centuries of sediment and 20 feet of murky, fouled water, one of the great cities of the ancient world is slowly coming back to life. Several very good images. Copyright © 1998 Discovery Communications Inc. Page mirrored here
• --- Auf der Spur Kleopatras
  GEO 12/1998 (S. 198): Neue Unterwasserfunde komplettieren das Bild von Alexandria zu Zeiten der Ptolemäer
• --- El regreso de Cleopatra
  (Raúl García Luna) El reciente hallazgo de los míticos palacios de Cleopatra y Marco Antonio reabre la historia de intrigas, sexo y sangre que signó la lucha de la última Reina del Nilo contra el Imperio Romano, medio siglo antes de Cristo.
• --- Sphinx of Cleopatra's father emerges from waves
  29 Oct 1998: In this story CNN has a (Reuters) piece on the 'Beautifully preserved and very rare' shipwreck discovered in Alexandria's once royal harbor. Includes an image of a sphinx who's face is said to represent Ptolemy XII.
• 29 Oct 1998: The Times of London provides news from the ongoing 'excavations' in the harbour of Alexandria. Here's more info on what has been discovered this season [Sidenote: Discovery Channel (US) is hosting a conference with Frank Goddio at noon EST today; it is not known if it will be broadcast live (I've got conflicting reports) but there is definitely going to be some sort of special on this on 6 Nov at 9.00 pm (on Discovery News)].
  (Report courtesy of EXPLORATOR)
• --- Divers probe underwater palace
  28 Oct 1998, BBC NEWS: Includes an image of a statue a priest of the goddess Isis and a link to a RealPlayer video report of the undersea finds.
• --- Raising the lost city of Cleopatra
  28 Oct 1998: As seen at exn.ca, a presentation of the Discovery Channel Canada
• --- Cleopatra's love boat surfaces
  27 Oct 1998: In The Australian: from The Sunday Times [this is the Reuters report reworked yet again]. Secrets of Cleopatra's fabled royal palace, in which she wooed Julius Caesar, have been retrieved from beneath the Mediterranean Sea, where they have lain for more than 1600 years.
• --- Archäologische Sensation: Kleopatras Barke entdeckt
  26 Oct 1998: Königin Kleopatra (51 bis 30 v. Chr.) verführte Antonius (41 vor Christi) in einer goldenen Barke mit fliederfarbenen Segeln und silbernen Rudern. Ihre schönsten Dienerinnen standen in ihren besten Kleidern an Deck - und es soll an den Ufern sogar nach Parfüm geduftet haben, wenn die ägyptische Königin auf dem Nil vorbeifuhr. © Berliner Morgenpost 1998
• 25 Oct 1998: The Sunday Times of London reports that (among other things), Cleopatra's ship has been discovered in the harbour at Alexandria: See the report at URL http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/Sunday-Times/stifgnmid01004.html?2177977.
  (Report courtesy of EXPLORATOR)

  EXPLORATOR is an irregular newletter (posted every two-three days) representing the fruits of the labours of 'media research division' of The Atrium. Various on-line news and magazine sources are scoured on a daily basis for news of the ancient world. See Commentarium (for news articles) at http://web.idirect.com/~atrium/commentarium.html and The Rostra (for audio files) at http://web.idirect.com/~atrium/rostra.html

• --- Cleopatra's city rises from harbour floor
  1 Nov 1997, The Times of London: Michael Murphy sees Alexandria surrender its underwater secrets Cleopatra's city rises from harbour floor. Includes a faily detailed map of findings from the underwater harbor excavations.
• --- CLEOPATRA'S PALACE FOUND
  Archaeology, Newsbriefs: Mar/Apr 1997 (Vol 50, No 2).
  Includes an image of a diver examining a 26th Dynasty column.
• --- Divers Have Uncovered the Site of the Great Palace of Cleopatra
  22 Nov 1996: CNN Where In the World
• --- Cleopatra's paleis: Blub blub, wie bezoekt het paleis van Cleopatra?
  15 Nov 1996: A short paragraph (in Dutch) commenting on the discovery of Cleopatra's palace.
• --- Cleopatra's Alexandria Revealed
  12 Nov 1996: Cleopatra's Alexandria Revealed - The Romance of a Lost City
  By Peggy Brown, Staff Writer. Discusses recent discoveries under the waterfron of present-day Alexandria.
• Wer jetzt kein Haus hat
  7 Nov 1996: Wahres und Unwahres über den Palast der Kleopatra (SZ vom 07.11.1996)
  From: Deutsche Welle, dw@dw.gmd.de. Copyright © 1995 by Süddeutsche Zeitung.
• --- Archeologists find evidence of ancient Alexandria
  5 Nov 1996: Includes two very nice images of some of the new finds. From exn.ca, a presentation of the Discovery Channel Canada.
• --- Remnants of Cleopatra's palace found in murky Egyptian waters
  4 Nov 1996: By Scheherezade Faramarzi, Associated Press writer.
  Alexandria, Egypt -- Hours of diving in the murky Mediterranean and exhaustive mapping have revealed parts of the 2,000-year-old city where the love affair between Antony and Cleopatra took place.
• --- Cleopatra's Court Found Underwater
  4 Nov 1996: Cleopatra's court found underwater Archaeological divers locate 2,000-year-old city of Alexandria
• --- Archeologists Uncover Cleopatra's Digs
  3 Nov 1996: FOXNEWS Report 17:39 GMT
  Includes a small image of a diver next to a large hyroglyphic-carved stone of Dynasty XXIX found in the harbour at Alexandria.
• --- Cleopatra's Needle (London, England, UK)
  Short overview of "Cleopatra's Needle", an obelisk of the 18th/19th dynasty now located on the Thames Embankment in London, close to the Embankment underground station. The Obelisk was actually constructed for Tuthmose III. It is carved with Hieroglyphics praising Tuthmose and commemorating his third Sed festival. Later inscriptions were added by Ramesses II to commemorate his victories. Moved to Alexandria by the Romans (not Cleopatra) it was presented as a gift to Queen Victoria by the Government of Egypt in the 19th century. From the Akhet Internet site.

See also Cleopatra's Legacy

for a view of how we have looked back at Cleopatra, her influence and her times.

Bibliographic Notes:

Ceasar, Cleopatra, Marcus Antonius, Octavian

--- Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War by Robert Gurval. ISBN 0-472-10590-6, cloth. Publisher-provided synopsis and book reviews as well as ordering information. Another book by an expert in the field on the battle that changed the course of history, and its full political and social impact. You can order the book at a discount off of the full list price: Order This book now from Amazon.com

--- Caesar's War in Alexandria: Bellum Civile Iii. 102-112 Bellum Alexandrinum 1-33 Edited by Gavin Townsend, vi + 66 pp. (1988) Paperback, ISBN 0865162190 Publisher-provided synopsis and book reviews as well as ordering information. Caesar's campaign in Egypt, from the autumn of 48 BCE to March of 47 BCE, was a self-contained episode in the career of Rome's greatest general. This description of the events at Alexandria forms a continuous narrative that represents Latin at its clearest, devoid of the artificiality that often makes Latin historical writing so difficult for those who are not experts. Along with a simplicity of language and a narrative that is focused and interesting, the book includes an informative introduction covering Caesar's career; the war in Alexandria; and the style of Caesar and Hirtius, who is believed to have completed Caesar's writing on the subject. Insightful commentary and extensive vocabulary also are included in the volume. Order This book from Amazon.com

Cleopatra

	War Godess by J.R. Windham List Price: $12.50, Tyborne Hill Publishers (2001); ISBN: 0-9706926-4-1 Having spent over 10 years writing the book the author has prepared an alternate history a la Harry Turtledove, but a very entertaining one that. "A lusty tale of war and conquest set in ancient Egypt. Cleopatra ruled wisely, fought mercilessly, and carried on a flaming love affair with Caesar." The preface well boasts of helpful historical input from the likes of the esteemed Dorothy Thompson, Bob Briar, and Cathy Lorber as well as popular novelist Margaret George and others. Order this book from the publisher
	Cleopatra's Palace: The Search for the Real Queen of the Nile by Laura Foreman, Franck Goddio List Price: $35.00 Amazon.com Price: $24.50 You Save: $10.50 (30%) Hardcover - 224 pages (March 1999) Random House; ISBN: 0679462600 Read an extended description of the book as well as Order this book from Amazon.com
	The Search for Cleopatra by Michael Foss Hardcover - 208 pages, 1st US Edition (Apr 1998) Arcade Pub; ISBN: 155970422 Order this book from Amazon.com
	Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh by Edith Flamarion, Alexandra Bonfante-Warren (Translator) Paperback - 160 pages (May 1997) Harry N. Abrams (Pap); ISBN: 0810928051 Order this book from Amazon.com
	The New York Obelisk or How Cleopatra's Needle Came to New York and What Happened When It Got Here by Martina D'Alton, Edward Bierstadt (Photographer) Hardcover (September 1993), Metropolitan Museum of Art; ISBN: 0810964252; Dimensions (in inches): 0.39 x 11.28 x 8.79 Order this book from Amazon.com
	Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies (Guide book to exhibit held in 1989 at the Brooklyn Museum, NY, USA) This is now out of print but a copy might be located for you. Use this link to have Amazon.com try to locate a copy of this book
---- (BMCR 96.6.8) Whitehorne, ed., Cleopatras Whitehorne, John (ed.), Cleopatras, New York: Routledge,1994. Pp. x, 243. ISBN 0-415-05806-6. Reviewed by Waldemar Heckel -- University of Calgary [Bryn Mawr Classical Review provides reviews of books of interest to classisists] Order This book from Amazon.com or just read over the Table of Contents.
---- (BMCR 4.5.27), Mary Hamer. Signs of Cleopatra. History, politics, representation. Mary Hamer. Signs of Cleopatra. History, politics, representation. London and New York: Routledge, 1993. Pp. xxii+ 164; ills. 33. ISBN 0-415-04871-0. Reviewed by A.A. Donohue -- Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art [Bryn Mawr Classical Review provides reviews of books of interest to classisists] This is now out of print but a copy might be located for you. Order This book from Amazon.com
Cleopatra by Michael Grant This is now out of print but a copy might be located for you. Use this link to have Amazon.com try to locate a copy of this book
--- (BMCR 99.6.13) Rowlandson, ed., Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook by Jane Rowlandson (editor), With the collaboration of Roger Bagnall, Alan Bowman, Willy Clarysse, Ann Ellis Hanson, Deborah Hobson, James Keenan, Peter van Minnen, Dominic Rathbone, Dorothy J. Thompson, and Terry Wilfong. Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook Published by Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press, 1998), Pp. xxii, 406; 3 maps, 57 illustrations. ISBN 0-521-58212-1 (hb). ISBN 0-521-58815-4 (pb). Reviewed by Joan Burton (Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, USA) [Bryn Mawr Classical Review provides reviews of books of interest to classisists] In addition, Amazon.com provides this information about the book: "This book makes available to students and other non-specialists a varied collection of over three hundred translated texts and fifty illustrations relating to women's lives in Greek and Roman Egypt. These are accompanied by an introductory chapter and full explanatory notes. It makes accessible to all those interested in social history, and in particular the lives of women, this extraordinarily rich body of material from the ancient world." Order This hard back book from Amazon.com ......... OR ........ Order This paperback book from Amazon.com
--- Das Reich der Kleopatra. Quellenkritische Untersuchungen zu den "Landschenkungen" Mark Antons By Thomas Schrapel. Tsrierer Historische Forschungen, Band 34, Trier 1996, v + 300 pages, (price DM 78) Book Review by Heinz Heinen (in German) discussing "Landschenkungen" [the so-called "Donations of Alexandria" land grants] by Mark Anthony to Cleopatra and her children in 37/36 BCE.
--- Diotima's Cleopatra Bibliography The DIOTIMA web site is intended to serve as an interdisciplinary resource for anyone interested in patterns of gender around the ancient Mediterranean and as a forum for collaboration among instructors who teach courses about women and gender in the ancient world.
--- US Library of Congress: Books on Cleopatra VII The books the US Library of Congress has on the subject of Cleopatra VII
--- Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC): US Library of Congress Citations US Library of Congress Book Citations. First 20 records only, with instructions on getting more information.

Numismatic Notes:

• --- Die Unterschrift der Königin Ein Berliner Papyrus trägt einen authentischen Schriftzug von Königin Kleopatra VII
  
  von Jörg Dendl
• --- Three Problems in the Cleopatra Ode
  © M. Hendry 1992-1999. From Classical Journal 88.2 (1992): 139-146
  The Cleopatra Ode, a poem by Horace, opens with a bold juxtaposition of archaic Greek literature and contemporary Roman life, as the poet moves in mid-sentence from a motto taken from Alcaeus to an allusion to the contemporary Roman feasts of the Salii. This combination of Greek and Roman elements is closely related to the question of the setting of the poem, which is a controversial subject.
• --- Al Ahram issue no. 405, 5-11 Nov 1998
  Age shall not wither her A 2,000-year-old shipwreck in the ancient harbour of Alexandria, and statues and ruins probably dating to the time of Cleopatra have been found around the submerged island of Antirhodos. Nevine El-Aref was one of the first to view the remarkable discoveries
• --- Historical Fiction About Ancient Rome
  Learning on the cheap. German language site (with enough English) offering a bibliographies of fiction, some fact, speculation, entertainment on Ancient Roman themes. A few titles are reviewed. See the historical fiction bibliography for CAESAR, KLEOPATRA, and AUGUSTUS
• --- Anthony, Cleopatra, and Octavian
  Images associated with Antony, Actium, Octavian, and Cleopatra. Site Maintained by Professor James Higginbotham. See especially the marble bust of Cleopatra.
• --- The Society for Underwater Exploration: Lost City Of Alexandria Unveiled
  The society has launched a Web site that chronicles the latest underwater discoveries in the ancient, Lost City of Alexandria. The launch of the site places special focus on revealing the latest discoveries involving Cleopatra's Palace in the lost city and the excavations of the wreckage of sunken ships from Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet in nearby Aboukir. (As reported at exn.ca, a presentation of the Discovery Channel Canada at URL http://www.exn.ca/html/templates/exntv-newsbytes.cfm?ID=19981102-06)
• --- Underwater Cleopatra Museum Planned
  2 Nov 1998: OCEANSP@CE Issue No. 87. Egypt's newest tourist destination may well be underwater - archaeologists want to build a museum under the sea showcasing the ruins of a sunken city where Cleopatra had a palace. A proposed network of transparent tunnels on the sea floor would allow tourists to view the third-century ruins of the royal court of Alexandria without ever removing them from their watery resting place.
• 30 Oct 1998: With all the hubbub about Cleopatra etc., once again Egyptian archaeological authorities are talking about an underwater museum, according to an AP story in the Boston Globe.
  (Report courtesy of EXPLORATOR)

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